篇一：土木工程专业英语论文翻译
使用在密苏里州桥的高性能钢
作者：布赖恩答和希亚姆古普塔
布赖恩答：专业工程师，博士 希亚姆古普塔：专业工程师
结构特殊作业工程师 国家桥工程师 密苏里州运输部密苏里州交通部 桥梁工程单位 桥梁工程单位 国会大厦大道105 w . 国会大厦大道105 w . 邮政信箱270 邮政信箱270 杰佛逊城市65102杰佛逊城市65102 hartnb1@mail.modot.state.mo.us guptag@mail.modot.state.mo.us （手机）（573）751-0267 （手机） (573) 751-4676 (传真) (573) 526-5488(传真) (573) 526-5488
届年会运输研究委员会提交出版和发表
2004年,1月11号至15日，华盛顿特区
2003年7月31日提交:
2003年10月31日重新提交
摘要
密苏里交通部开始在桥箱梁使用与投标高性能钢(HPS)是在2001年的4月。到2003年8月为止，七个在结构上使用高性能钢的方案已经开始建设并且至少三个其他方案处在设计阶段。总共900吨(816个毫克)的HPS70W(HPS485W)和600吨(544毫克)的HPS50W(HPS345W)被用在七个结构建设中。所有的梁 主要利用混合板梁HPS70W(HPS485W)在对两个负弯矩区的内部支持。两个项目在正弯矩区域也应用了PS70W（HPS485W）。
在密苏里州利用HPS的第一个结构完成于2002年8月，并在2002年10月通车了。倾斜的两跨，和五梁桥在负力矩区域的翼缘和正力矩区域的抗拉凸缘都
。相比于钢建造的桥梁，混合设计的梁减少了17％使用了HPS70W（HPS485W）
的梁重，估计费用减少了约11％。竣工后, 联邦公路管理局对这座桥进行仪器和实地测试作为它们创意的技术的研究与建设(IBRC桥) 计划的一部分。本文提供了有关项目中在箱梁上实用高性能钢的详细细节。这也说明了MoDOT在未来项目中使用高性能钢的计划。关于为七个结构四个申办费用的信息，提出了迄今建设高性能钢。
简介 密苏里州的运输部（MoDOT）使用了高性能钢生产的桥梁成了结构效率及成本效益。自从2001年4月MoDOT授予了七座桥梁的建筑使用ASTM A709等级HPS70W (HPS485W)，或者同时使用HPS70W (HPS485W)和等级HPS50W (HPS345W)在杂种板梁的战略地点的合同。将来的外加桥梁预定运用HPS来建设。本文在将描述密苏里运输部使用高性能钢的经验。
高性能钢是一种高强度钢的一个优越版本。相比于典型的50W (345W)钢HPS提供高韧性、优越的焊接性、优越的耐腐蚀性和更高的强度。使用这种优越的等级的钢，容许设计工程师在高度受力地区使用高强度HPS70W(HPS485W)来创建成本效益和有效的桥梁结构。通常，这导致与HPS70W (HPS485W)的杂种平行的耳轮缘板梁部分的负弯矩区域的耳轮缘和可能在正弯矩区域的耳轮缘产生剪切应力。在某些情况下，动荷偏折阻止了HPS70W (HPS485W)在正弯矩区域张力翼缘板使用的经济互利。在动荷之下这使更强更轻的横断面在允许限值下比更重的非复合大梁偏转更多。使用混合平行缘大梁比更加深刻的恒定的深度或加腋同质等级50（345）梁经济。
密苏里交通部的研究MoDOT项目的设计工程师和私有顾问把HPS70W (HPS485W)认为是设计师视为使用时有效和有利的标准材料。然而， 密苏里交通部制约了风化钢的使用。主要数量上的制约是不在城市居民区和高流量区域使用耐候钢。虽然每磅HPS70W (HPS485W) 材料比常规50 (345)钢昂贵， 密苏里交通部未为指定的HPS70W (HPS485W)钢工作出价增量让与。50W和HPS70W (345， 345W和HPS485W)被做了2002年1月到2003年5月期间的50等级的出价的项目比较表格。这个期间的出价包括了在七个结构项目中四个密苏里交通部运用HPS70W (HPS485W)的施工。本文也提供了由密苏里运输部使用的等级HPS50W。
篇二：土木工程-毕业设计-论文-外文翻译-中英文对照
英文原文：
Concrete structure reinforcement design
SheyanboⅠ WangchenjiaⅡ
Ⅰ Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd. Heilongjiang Dongyu
Ⅱ Heilongjiang Province, East Building Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd. Coal
Abstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.
Key word： Concrete structure reinforcementbricking-up structure reinforcementsteel structure reinforcement
1 Concrete structure reinforcement
Concrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.
1.1 the direct reinforcement's general method
1）Enlarges the section reinforcement law
Adds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.
In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.
Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.
2) Replacement concretes reinforcement law
This law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.
3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement law
Outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.
This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.
4) Sticks the steel reinforcement law
Outside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.
This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.
5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement law
Outside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.
This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.
6) Reeling law
This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.
7) Fang bolt anchor law
This law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously.
1.2 The indirect reinforcement's general method
1) Pre-stressed reinforcement law
(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.
As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。
(2) After the reinforced concrete component uses under the pre-stressed to
support the type tension bar reinforcement decides, forms one by to reinforce the component and under supports the compound ultra statically determinate structure system which the type tension bar is composed, under the outside load and the pre-stressed combined action, in the tension bar has the axial force and through (next supports and pole end anchor spot) with component's combining site transmits for is reinforced the component, has counter-balanced outside the part the load, changed the original component section endogenic force characteristic, thus sharpened component's bearing capacity.
This law can reduce is reinforced component's stress level, not only causes the reinforcement effect to be good, moreover can also the great scope enhance the structure overall supporting capacity, but after reinforcing, has certain influence to the original structure outward appearance; Is suitable as well as is under the high stress, the high strained condition concretes component's reinforcement in the great span or the heavy structure reinforcement, but in the non-protection's situation, cannot use in the temperature above 600C in the environment, is also not suitable uses in the concrete shrinkage continuous variation big structure.
2)Increases the supporting reinforcement law
The addition pivot reinforcement law is through the reduced member in bending effective span, achieves the reduced function, in is reinforced on the component to carry the effect, raises the structure load bearing level the goal. This law simple reliable, but easy to harm building's original condition and the use function, possibly and reduces uses the space; Is suitable in the concrete term permission concrete structure reinforcement.
1.3Has generally with the concrete structure reinforcement transformation necessary use's technology
1) The request trades the technology
It is the joist (either truss) opens the column (or wall), the joist terminal and the joist trades technologies and so on column to call generally; Belongs to one kind of comprehensive technology, by the related structure reinforcement, the superstructure goes against rises with to reposition as well as abandons technologies and so on component demolition to be composed; Is suitable in had building's reinforcement transformation; Compares with the traditional practices, has the construction time to be short, the expense low, affects and so on merits slightly to the life and the production, but is high to the specification, must complete by the skilled worker, can ensure the security.
2）Plants the muscle technology
It is one item is simple and direct to the concrete structure, the effective connection and the anchor technology; May implant the ordinary steel bar, may also
implant the bolt type anchor muscle; Has widely applied in had building's reinforcement improvement project, for example: In the construction leaks buries the steel bar or the steel bar deviation designs the position the recovery, the component increases the section reinforcement to make up the muscle, the superstructure expands cross, goes against rises to Liang, column's lengthening by joining, the house superimposed layer terminal and the high-rise construction addition shearing force wall plants the muscle and so on.
3）Crack patching technology
According to the concretes crack's cause, the character and the size, use seal differently protect the method to carry on patching, one kind of skill which causes the structure because to crack reduces the use function which and the durability can restore; Is suitable in had in the building each kind of crack processing, but to the stress crack, besides patching, still should use the corresponding reinforcement measure. The internal patching law is with the forcing pump the cementing material pressure concretes crack, renders the young or up and coming generation to sew up the function, and makes the original structure through its cementation to restore the integrity, this method is suitable for the crack opening is big, and durable and so on is influential to the structure integrity and the security, or has request and so on waterproof anti-seepage crack patching.
4）Carbonized concretes repair technology
It is refers to through restores the concretes the alkalinity (inactivation) or increases its impedance to enable the steel bar corrosion which the carbonization creates to obtain the containment technology.
5）Concretes surface treatment technology
It is refers to uses cleaning up concretes surface stains, the oil mark, the residual as well as the other attachment and so on chemistry method, mechanical method, sand blasting method, vacuum cleaning method, injection method skill.
6）Coagulation mantle of soil seal technology
It is refers to uses flexible methods and so on aquaseal backfill, polymer grouting, paint film to carry on the waterproofing to the concretes, moisture-proof and against crack processing technology. Like the structure, the component shift the technology, the adjustment structure base frequency technology and so on.
7）Other technologies
Like the structure, the component shift the technology, the adjustment structure base frequency technology and so on.
2 Bricking-up structure
Bricking-up structure reinforcement method: The bricking-up structure's reinforcement divides into when the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds
篇三：土木工程专业英语论文翻译
建筑材料
钢的最严重缺点是它容易被氧化而需要被油漆或一些其他的适当涂料保护。当钢被用于可能发生火灾环境时, 钢应该包围在一些耐火的材料中, 例如石料或混凝土。通常，钢的组合结构不易被压碎除非是在冶金成分不好，低温的不利组合, 或空间压力存在的情况下。
建筑用铝仍然不广泛被在土木工程结构中用,虽然它的使用正在稳定地增加。藉着铝合金作为一个适当的选择和对其进行热处理,可获得各式各样的强度特性。一些合金所展现的抗压强度特性相似于钢, 除线形弹性模量大约是7,000,000 牛/平方厘米，相当于刚的三分之一。质量轻和耐氧化是铝的两个主要优点。因为它的特性对热处理是非常敏感的,当铆接或焊接铝的时候，一定要小心仔细。一些技术已为制造预制铝组合配件及形成若干的美丽的设计良好的外型结构的铝制结构而发展起来。组合房屋配件制造的一般程序藉由螺栓连接，这似乎是利用建筑用铝的最有前途的方法。加强和预应力混凝土是主要的建筑材料。天然的水泥混凝土已经被使用长达数世纪之久。现代的混凝土建筑兴起于十九世纪中叶,尽管人造水泥被 Aspidin ，一个英国人于1825年申请了专利. 虽然一些建筑者和工程师在十九世纪后期用钢筋混凝土作实验, 但作为一种建筑材料它占统治地位是在二十世纪初期。后五十年钢筋混凝土结构设计和建筑得到迅速发展, 早期在法国的 Freyssinet 和比利时的 Magnel被大量使用。
素混凝土作为建筑材料有一个非常严重的缺点：就是它的抗拉强度非常有限, 只是它的抗压强度的十分之一。素混凝土不仅受拉破坏是脆性破坏，而且受压破坏也是在没有多大变形预兆的情况下发生的准脆性破坏。(当然,在钢筋混凝土建筑中,可以得到适当的延性)。只有进行适当的养护和合理的选择并且掺加适当的混合天加剂,否则 霜冻破坏能严重的损害混凝土。在长期荷载作用下混凝土在选择设计受压情况方面要仔细考虑。在硬化的时候和它的早期养护下,混凝土收缩占主要地位, 因此需要添加适当地比例的添加剂而且用适当的建筑技术来控制。
藉由所有的这些可能的严重缺点，工程师已经试着为各种实际结构设计建立美丽的，持久的，和经济的钢筋混凝土结构。这是藉着设计尺寸和钢筋排列安排的谨慎选择，和适当的水泥的发展已经趋于同步, 适当添加剂混合比例, 混合配置, 而且养护技术和建筑方法，仪器的快速发展。
混凝土具有多种用途，其组成材料广泛可取，并且能非常方便地浇制成满足强度及功能要求的形状，同时，随着新型预应力混凝土、预制混凝土以及普通混凝土施工方法令人兴奋的进一步改善和发展的潜力，这些因素综合起来使得混凝土在绝大多数结构中有着比其他材料更大的竞争力。在现代,藉由钢和加强钢筋的使用量在建筑结构中的增加,木材在建筑期间主要地已经被撤离到附属的、暂时的和次要的结构中使用,成为建筑材料的次要成员。然而, 现代的技术在最后六十年中已经有使木材作为建筑材料恢复生气的迹象,藉由大量的改良了木材的加工方法,各种不同的处理方法增加了木材的耐久性, 而且叠片木材连同使用黏结技术的革命使得木材的性能有了更好的保证。各向同性的胶合板是最广泛使用的压层胶合板，随着技术的发展，压层胶合板已经发展成为特定的结构材料并对混凝土和钢造成了强大的竞争力。
将来可能发展的材料是工程塑料和稀有金属及他们的合金,如铍，钨，钽，钛，钼，铬，钒和铌。有许多不同的塑料可以用，而且这些材料所展现的力学性能在很大的范围内改变。在如此许多的特性中我比较设计方案选择适当的可能的塑料材料是可能的。对塑料的使用受经验的限制。一般而言，塑料一定要与空气隔离。设计的这一个方面要求主要是对塑料结构元素在使用中的考虑。 塑料被应用的最有希望的潜能之一是嵌板和贝壳型结构。叠片或夹心嵌板已经被用于此种结构以鼓励未来建筑大量应用这一个类型材料。
另一种引起注意的材料由纤维或像粒子的胶结加筋的微粒组成的合成物材料正在开发。虽然一种由玻璃或塑料胶结材料组成的玻璃纤维加筋合成物已经被用长达数年之久, 但是他们很可能退落为次要的结构材料。加筋混凝土是另一个积极地被学习而且发展的混合料。一些实验正在工作情况下进行。实验主要内容为钢和玻璃纤维，但是大部份的使用经验在钢纤维方面比较先进。
Building materials
The most serious disadvantage of steel is that it oxidizes easily and must be protected by paint or some other suitable coating. When steel is used in an enclosure where a fire could occur, the steel members must be encased in a suitable fire-resistant enclosure such as masoy, concrete. Normally, steel members will not fail in a brittle manner unless an unfortunate combination of metallurgical composition, low temperature, and bi-or triaxial stress exists.
Structural aluminum is still not widely used in civil engineering structures, though its use is steadily increasing. By a proper selection of the aluminum alloy and its heat treatment, a wide variety of strength characteristics may be obtained. Some of the alloys exhibit stress-strain characteristics similar those of structural steel, except that the modulus of elasticity for the initial linearly elastic portion is about 10,000,000 psi (700,000 kgf/cm*cm) or about one-third that of steel. Lightness and resistance to oxidation are, of course, two of the major advantages of aluminum. Because its properties are very sensitive to its heat treatment, care must be used when riveting or welding aluminum. Several techniques have been developed for prefabricating aluminum subassemblies that can be readily erected and bolted together in the field to form a number of beautiful and well-designed shell structures. This general procedure of prefabrication and held assembly by bolting seems to be the most promising way of utilizing structural aluminum.
Reinforced and prestesses concrete share with structural material. Natural cement concretes have been used for centuries. Modern concrete construction dates from the middle of the nineteenth century, though artificial Portland cement was patented by Aspidin, an Englishman, about 1825. Although several builders and engineers experimented with the use of steel-reinforced concrete in the last half of the nineteenth century, its dominant use as a building material dates from the early decades of the twentieth century. The last fifty years have seen the rapid and vigorous development of prestressed concrete design and construction, founded largely on early work by Freyssinet in France and Magnel in Belgium.Plain (ueinforced) concrete not only is a heterogeneous material but also has one very serious defect as a structural material, namely, its very limited tensile strength, which is only of the order of one-tenth its compressive strength. Not only is tensile failure in concrete of a brittle type, but likewise compression failure occurs in a relatively brittle fashion without being preceded by the forewarning of large deformations. (Of course, in reinforced-concrete construction, ductile behavior can be obtained by proper selection and arrangement of the reinforcement.) Unless proper care is used in the selection of aggregates and in the mixing and placing of concrete, frost action can cause serious damage to concrete masoy. Concrete creeps under long-term loading to a degree that must be considered carefully in selecting the design stress conditions. During the curing process and its early life, concrete shrinks a significant amount, which to a degree can be controlled by properly proportioning the mix and utilizing suitable construction techniques.
With all these potentially serious disadvantages, engineers have learned to design and build beautiful, durable, and economical reinforced-concrete structures for practically all kinds of structural requirements. This has been accomplished by careful selection of the design dimensions and the arrangement of the steel reinforcement, development of proper cements, selection of proper aggregates and mix proportions, careful control of mixing, placing, and curing techniques and imaginative development of construction methods, equipment and procedures.
The versatility of concrete, the wide availability of its component materials, the unique ease of shaping its form to meet strength and functional requirements, together with the exciting potential of further improvements and development of not only the newer prestressed and precast concrete
construction but also the conventional reinforced concrete construction, combine to make concrete a strong competitor of other materials in a very large fraction of structures.
In modern times, with the increased use of steel and reinforced-concrete construction, wood has been relegated largely to accessory use during construction, to use in temporary and secondary structures, and to use for secondary members of permanent construction. Modern technology in the last sixty yea
Materials with future possibilities are the engineering plastics and the exotic metals and their alloys, such as beryllium, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, and niobium. There are many different plastics available, and the mechanical properties exhibited by this group of materials vary over a wide range that encompasses the range of properties available among the more commonly used structural materials. Thus in many specific design applications it is possible to select a suitable plastic material for an alternative design. Experience with the use of plastics outdoors is limited. Generally speaking, however, plastics must be protected from the weather. This aspect of design is therefore a major consideration in the use of plastics for primary structural elements. One of the most promising potential used of plastics is for panel and shell-type structures. Laminated or sandwich panels have been used in such structures with encouraging results that indicate an increased use in this type of construction in the future.
Another materials development with interesting possibilities is that of composites consisting of a matrix reinforced by fibers or fiber like particles. Although glass-fiber-reinforced composites with a glass or plastic matrix have been used for years, they appear to have much broader possibilities for a large variety of secondary structural components. Fiber-reinforced concrete is another composite being actively studied and developed. Several experimental applications are being observed under service conditions. Experiments have been conducted with both steel and glass fibers, but most of the service experience has been with steel fibers.