篇一：英国文学论文
Analysis of Shylock in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant
of Venice
中文摘要
《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚著名喜剧之一，而剧中的夏洛克更是剧中一个重要人物，他被人们一次次的分析。以前，人们认为夏洛克贪婪、自私、残酷、狡猾。但是随着时间的发展，人们开始重新认识夏洛克，发现夏洛克还有一些以前没被人们发现的特征：聪明、坦诚、勇敢，这些特征慢慢地被人们发现。
关键词 夏洛克, 贪婪, 法律
Abstract
The Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare’s most famous comedy in the world. While Shylock is an important role in it and he has been analyzed many times. Before, many people think Shylock was a greedy, selfish and cruel man. But as times goes by, people begin to re-analyze Shylock. They also found Shylock has other characters which was not discovered before and gradually accepted now, such as: clever, frank, courageous.
Keywords Shylock, greed, tragedy
1 Introduction
Shylock is a controversial person in people’s mind, also, he plays a important role in The Merchant of Venice . When we finish read this novel, he must impress us deeply. Then this paper will analyze Shylock’s character detailedly.
2 An Analysis of Shylock’s Characters
As we know, Shakespeare is a master no matter past or now and Shylock’s image is fresh forever as other classical figures. People read it, consider it again and again. Following, it is my opinion about Shylock.
2.1 Hateful Shylock
Before, especially in 16th century, this drama was a comedy no matter from which side, because three pairs of lovers have perfect results. But Shylock as an evildoer has been punished. In the era of racial discrimination, Shylock’s final result, without doubt, it’s a good thing for clapping and cheering. While the words which describe Shylock are disdainful: greed, cunning, cruel and so on.
He hates Antonio obviously, and wants to revenge by chance, so he signs the contract which he will cut a pound of Antonio’s meat if he could not return money on time. This will kill Antonio possibly and solve the problem about which he always worried. But he artfully said “I say, to buy his favor, I extend this friendship: If he will take it, so; if not, adieu; for my love, I pray you wrong me not”. Certainly, people think the worst place was that he crows over Antonio’s ship were sunk, people persuaded him, but he said “Gaoler, look to him: tell me of mercy; This the fool that lent out money gratis”. When Bassanio wants to return him two, three times money, he refuses and insists on carrying out the contract.
2.2 Different Shylock – from another angle
In the whole drama, Shylock was the most frank man. He never mask his greed. I think it is only the respect to the contract, but also the expression of national spirit that the oppressed fight against the Christians. At the same time, he had encourage to face the failure and the misfortune, he could defy power, insist on settling the problem by law. Although he failed, he didn’t ask for something, for Portia’s intercede, he said
“Nay, take my life and all; Pardon not that”. Faced with the final result of loss freedom of belief, he said nothing and agreed to sign.
In addition, Shylock was the most pitiful man. He loves his daughter, but she leaves him, and takes away lots of money. His only souvenir—turquoise, this is the present sent by his sweet wife when they had not married, but his daughter uses it to trade a wild monkey. Shylock was originally very confident to win the lawsuit, but lost finally, and lost all the money and forced to change his religion.
Conclusion
The Merchant of Venice is one of the most famous comedy in the world, but when we think of Shylock, we have to say it is a tragedy. While we are pleasant for three couples of lover, we certainly remembered that an old, sympathetic man walk in the street. Everything has its own reason, if people must say he was selfish, cruel, first, they have to know its background and social condition in that time, and then, I’ll tell you Shylock is pity, clever, courageous, tough, frank, rich national spirit, and I have reasons to say that.
篇二：英国文学论文
《鲁宾逊漂流记》中的个人主义
在英国文学史上，十八世纪被认为是一个特殊的历史时期，因为在这一时期英国社会经济结构发生了巨变，工业革命爆发，导致了英国工业资本主义得到迅速发展。工业革命不仅是一场经济变革，同时也是一场社会变革，引起了英国社会的全面变革。改变了人们的经济地位，形成了新的社会阶级关系。社会经济的发展给人们意识形态领域无疑产生了巨大的影响，人们开始抛弃传统，废除影响个人发展和个人独立思想形成的旧观念、旧模式和旧思维。一个新型的经济和政治组织给其成员最大的自由来选择自己的行为，正是在这一大的社会背景下，一个新的名词“经济个人主义”诞生了。这一思想促使了人们背离过去和社会传统规约，以自我为中心，张扬个性和挖掘能力，同时在宗教界，新教主义思想得到了广泛的传播。为“经济个人主义”思潮推波助澜。政治、经济和宗教界的种种变化在英国产生了轩然大波。
丹尼尔.迪福，这个被称为英国小说之父的伟大作家，用自己独特的写作方式记录了当时时代、社会和人们思想的变迁，其哲学观与17世纪经验派有着不谋而合之处，其小说也从各方面揭示了社会的“经济个人主义”思想，《鲁宾逊漂流记》就是这一思想得以表达的典型代表。这部小说是迪福受当时一个真实故事启发而创作的。1704年9月一名叫亚历山大.塞尔柯克的苏格兰水手在海上与船长发生争吵，被船长遗弃在南美洲大西洋中的按菲南德岛上，四年后当他被救回英国时已成了一个野人。塞尔柯克在荒岛上并没有做出什么值得颂扬的英雄事迹，但是迪福通过自己的想象把鲁宾逊塑造成了一个充满劳动热情的新人。他凭借着自己顽强不息的劳动与大自然作斗争，表现出惊人的毅力。鲁宾逊一到荒岛，就克服了最初的悲观情绪，立即投入了政府大自然的斗争，这种征服自然的无限勇气和坚韧不拔的实干精神使鲁宾逊的形象产生了巨大的艺术魅力。作者借此歌颂了资产阶级在资本原始积累时期的冒险精神，强调了个人的聪明和毅力。因此，“鲁宾逊”成了当时中小资产阶级心目中的英雄人物，代表了西方文学中的一个理想化的新型资产者形象。
《鲁宾逊漂流记》一经问世，就被许多经济学家看作是了一本经济学著作。小说中的主人公是经济个人主义的有力体现。他孜孜以求，以追求个人利益和占有、发展和扩大为最终目的，作者把这一行为看作是当时整个世界的主流趋势。在这个世界上人们在根据自己的得失想方设法地获取金钱和利益，麦克斯.韦伯认为这就是现代资本主义的典型技术特征。迪福小说中的主人公，无需学习这种技巧，他们生来血液里就已经具有了这种技能。小说中的故事情节也表达了当时
人们社会生活的重要价值趋向，正是这种生活愿望使迪福小说中的主人公和其他小说中所描写的流浪汉大相径庭。鲁宾逊不像奥托里斯科，一个既熟悉当地生活又遍游各地的生意人；也不像尤利西斯，一个努力回归家园和故土的航海家。他唯一的使命就是追求利益，梦想着占有整个世界。追求个人经济地位的价值趋向不仅削弱了人们社会生活中的群体关系，而且也影响了个体关系。正如韦伯所说，作为人类生活最重要的非理性因素之一，性在迪福的小说中成了个体追求经济目标最大的潜在威胁。因此，在工业资本主义的意识形态中，性被严格地控制了起来。与其他小说相比，在迪福小说中，浪漫的爱情故事没有什么市场。甚至是连性欲望的满足也大大减弱了。比如，在小说《回忆录》中，他曾这样形容性行为，“对于那种微不足道的享乐而深感懊悔是一点也不值得的。”这一点儿都不惊奇，在鲁宾逊自己的生活中，爱情发挥着很小的作用，性的诱惑 也不能战胜他对孤岛的占有欲。他认为战胜孤岛是他最大的胜利。当鲁宾逊注意到孤岛上社会关系的缺失时，他向上帝乞求给他一个性伴侣作为安慰，但是他所渴望得到的是一个男性的努力，并满不在乎地给他取名为“星期五”，然后，他们两个在这荒岛上，在没有女人的情况下，享受着田园般的生活。这种思想与《奥德赛》和《纽约人》当中所提倡的传统期望相比简直是一种革命。当最终鲁宾逊返回到文明世界中时，性仍然严格地屈从与生意，只有当他的经济地位通过再一次航行而得到巩固时，他才结婚。除了爱情、婚姻和性之外，我们在迪福的小说中也能找到他对其他非经济因素的贬低。最典型的例子就是那个叫佐利的毛利男孩，他帮助鲁宾逊从别人的奴役下逃脱，并在一次危险关头情愿牺牲自己的生命来效忠鲁宾逊，因此鲁宾逊决心爱他一辈子，并承诺把他培养成一个出色的人。然而有一次，一个葡萄牙的船长主动拿出六十西班牙银币来买佐利，由于这个价格超出了友塔斯所给出的价格的一倍，最终鲁宾逊没能抵挡住这样的诱惑，就把佐利卖给船长作了奴隶。短时间内他感到良心不安，但是当听到船长说“如果佐利成了基督教徒，十年后就给他自由”这句话时，这种良心上的谴责很快就烟消云散了。这次事证明在鲁宾逊的内心中金钱和利益高于一切，面对金钱和利益，友情、爱情和恩情都可以抛弃，其“经济个人主义”显露无遗。鲁宾逊和星期五之前的关系同样是以自我为中心的经济个人主义思维模式的体现，当鲁宾逊救了这个小孩之后，连他的名字都可以不问，就直接根据自己的意愿给他取名叫“星期五”，他说因为那天是星期五，就叫他“星期五”吧。这一行为说明了鲁宾逊只是把星期五看作是自己的私有财产，并打算用他来扩大自己的再生产。甚至在言语方面鲁宾逊也表现出了他的殖民思想，他只教星期五说“yes”和“no”。让星期五绝对地效忠和服从于他，他们之间完全是一种主人和奴隶的关系，鲁宾逊也非常满足于这种关系。而且认为这事他们之间一种最理性的关系。当他时不时地听到星期五说“是
的，主人；不，主人”这样的字眼时，内心充满了快乐和成就感。正是在这种主仆的不平等关系基础之上鲁宾逊利用星期五为他的经济利益服务。就鲁宾逊个人的性格特征来说，我也可以看得出，静静地坐在那里对于鲁宾逊是人生无法容忍的事情，他总是在忙忙碌碌，东奔西跑，最大限度的获取利益，去实现自己的理想抱负。他所建立的社会关系也是建立在此基础上的。在这一点上，他与作者笛福很相像，意志坚定，不受任何人的干扰。
迪福如同他所描写的主人公那样，出身于中产阶级，他父亲常用知足常乐的哲学教育他，要他满足现状，不要出海。但是海外的新世界像一股不可抗拒的吸引力诱惑着他，他决心舍弃安逸舒适的平庸生活并出海远航。第一次出海他几乎淹死。第二次出海，又被海盗掳去，逃出后在巴西发了财。但是他仍不死心，经别人提议，再次出航，结果滞留海岛。二十八年的古到生活阻止不了他的继续冒险。在孜孜以求地追求着自己的个人利益，陶醉在自己所获得的成就中，认为这就是最大的成功，这恰恰是当时英国资本主义特征的典型体现。资本家们在追求利益的过程中，以自我为中心，甚至为此不惜代价，敢于冒险，并在冒险中获得乐趣。这种勇于进取的冒险精神，表现了当时新兴的资产阶级不满足于现状，要开拓世界、占有世界的野心和欲望。在他的盲目的美学经历中，鲁宾逊是迪福的同伴，我们可以用马克思说的原型资本家形容迪福，“快乐屈从于资本，亮哥资本家可以相互取乐。”无论在哪儿，当鲁宾逊看到他的一亩亩土地时，就大声喊道，“要开发！”他无暇去注意土地上所蕴藏的美丽景色。他虽然不像斯科尔克那样与他的山羊跳舞，但它至少与他们一起玩耍，还有他的鹦鹉和猫，然而他最大的满足感来自于检查清点他储藏的货物。“我已经储备好啦一切，”他说：“看到所有的货物排列整齐我感到极大的快乐，特别是看到我有这么多的生活必需品。”物质的丰富给鲁宾逊带来了极大的快感，是他感觉到整个孤岛就是它的殖民地，他就像是岛上的国王。孤岛上的一切都是他的财产，包括星期五在内。
小说中鲁宾逊是个劳动者同时又是资产者和殖民者，因此具有剥削的本性，鲁宾逊的这种性格完全依赖于当时经济个人主义的心理和社会趋向。迪福的创作被认为是当时应该现代小说的兴起，其小说中的经济个人主义是他小说的一大特色，探究其原因，当然与当时工业革命所带来的资本注意和经济的专门化密切相关。资本主义的发展大大促进了英国经济专门化的形成，这一经济现象与同性质的社会结构和更为民主化的政治体制相结合变大大增加了个人选择的自由。整个社会的管理和运行不再是建立在家庭、教堂、行会、城镇和其他集体单位的基础之上，个人有权决定自己的经济、社会、政治和宗教角色。社会经济的专门化促进了劳动力的分工，这使得迪福特色的小说创作成为可能。社会劳动和劳动力的分工，造就了生活中人们性格、态度和经历的巨大差异。地府正是抓住了这种社
会现象，从个人主义，而且是经济个人主义的角度刻画了其小说中的主人公。而从读者方面来看，也正是这一点吸引了读者的兴趣，当时读者很崇拜这种用过冒险来获得利益的精神，读者把鲁宾逊看作是一个英雄，而不去注意其他非物质利益的因素。由此小说的创作的是读者和作者在其思想意识上产生了共鸣，这也就是笛福小说去的巨大成功的原因之一。笛福小说中的个人经济利益也可以说是根植于清教主义的思想意识。清教主义认为劳动是神圣的，应该受到尊重，人生来就是要劳动，通过劳动来赎人类祖先亚当和夏娃所犯下的原罪。迪福深受这一宗教思想的影响。小说中的鲁宾逊很少休息，总是不断地在工作，星期五带给他的不是消除孤独寂寞的喜悦，而是扩大再生产的兴奋。所以这种清教主义思想为当时英国现实主义小说的兴起奠定了思想基础，也为笛福小说中 人物活动的叙述提供了素材。迪福的小说主要以任务每天的活动为对象进行叙述，通过活动反应人物的思想，体现出其个人利益至上，而这种利益的获得是建立在勤劳、节俭、勇敢、智慧和开拓的精神之上的，这些人物特征也恰恰是资本主义精神和清教思想结合的产物。
篇三：英国文学史课程论文
英国文学史课程论文
Lake Poets in the history of English
literature
英国文学史上的湖畔诗人
院（系）名称
专
学
学业生生名姓学称 名 号 外国语学院 英语 程路佳 1201200127
刘鹏飞 课程教师
2015年12月23日
Lake Poets in the history of English literature
Auther:Cheng Lujia
Tutor:Liu Pengfei
Abstract
The Lake Poets or Lake School was a group of English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, RobertSouthey, and William Wordsworth. They lived in the “lake district” in northwestern England. This group was part of the romantic movement of the late 1700?s and early 1800?s. They were inspired by the French revolution and theEnglish Industrial Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry writing, no matter no poetr(原文来自：wWw.xiaOcAofANweN.coM 小 草 范 文 网:英国文学论文3000字)y language seeking or subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as “worshipper of nature”. Coleridge was not only a poet but also a critic. While Southey pay more his attention to his democratic community in America known as “Pant isocracy”.
Key words: The Romantic Period, Nature, Super nature, Imagination, Innovation, Simple language, Inner world, Spirit, Common life, Democratic, Pant isocracy
英国文学史上的湖畔诗人
摘 要
湖畔诗人就是一组英国诗人，Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William words worth.他们居住在英格兰东北的“湖区”是18世纪至19世纪时期浪漫主义运动的一部分。受到法国大革命和英国工业革命的影响，他们在诗歌创作方面做了大胆的改革，无论是在诗语言还是主题的选择上都有独到的见解。William words worth被人誉为自然的膜拜者。Samuel Taylor Coleridge不但是著名的诗人，也是一流的文学批评家。然而,Robert Southey却更为将精力注意到人人平等的大同社会上来。
关键词：浪漫主义时期，自然，超自然，想象，改革，简化语言，内在世界，精神实质，平民生活，民主，大同社会
Lake Poets in the history of English
literature
The English romanticism as a historical phrase of literature is generally said to have began in 1798 and ended in1832.however, at this great period, there are three great poets who cannot be ignored, Samuel TaylorColeridge, RobertSouthey, and William Words worth.
These three poets are known as the “Lake Poets”, because they once settled at Dove Cottage in Cashmere, Westmoreland, and the loveliest spot in the EnglishLake District.
The Lake Poets play a transitional role between old and new styles in the poetry development in literature history especially in the English history. In their works we see the influence from both the past and the modern.
⑴
During the romantic period, there have been great changes in both European society and economy, which were actually provoked by two important revolutions, theFrench revolution and the English industrial revolution. And as a result, some of the great imaginative writings in the romantic period sprang from the confrontation of radicals and conservatives at the close of the 18th century. While“the lake poets “choosenature, imagination as their poetic subjects, other great poets, such as GeorgegardenByron, showed a lasting contempt for what he considered the commonplace and vulgarity of the “lake poets”. Because they think the “lake poets”, to some extent, are too conservation in their period.
The other key element for the exiting of the “lake poets” is the cruel economic exploitation. As a consequence of the English industrial revolution, the European society emerged a new laborclass. Though the social wealth had beenincreased by several times, it was only the rich who owned this wealth. The majority of the people were still poor, or even poorer. Theromantics with the “lake poets” as a leader saw both the corruption of the feudal societies and the exploitation in modern capitalist society. Under such condition, the “lake poets” emphasized the special qualities of
each individual?s mind. Wordsworth the solitary reaper, Coleridge frost at night, Southey winter are all such poems.
So we can see they pay more attention to portray the individual?s experience. It?s a typical character of the “Lake Poets” to place the individual at the center of art in order to express his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes.
⑵
With the coming of the French Revolution in 1978, and the primarily agricultural society replaced by a modern industrialized one, these three poets inspired an entire new poetic revolution.
At first, they started a rebellion against the neoclassic literature. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. As we all know, the neoclassicists had some fixed rules and laws for almost every gee of literature. Poetry should be lyrical, didactic satiric or dramatic and be strictly duded by principles. The neoclassicists also emphasized upon reason and intellect. However, the romantics started a poetic revolution .SamuelTaylorColeridge, RobotSouthey, and William Wordsworth, with the publication of Lyrical Ballads, were the major representatives of this movement. We can get such ideas from the following examples: the ancient mariner written by Coleridge; the prelude-⑴ written by Wordsworth. In these famouspoems, we can see they have made bold experiments in poetic language, versification and design.
Second, they believe that poetry could purify both individual and the society. At one hand, they chose to live by the lakeside so as to escape from the rational and ugly society. At other hand, they also want to achieve their wishful society in the imagination.
1.imagination and inspiration, defined by Coleridge, is regarded as something crucial for true poetry.
Kublai Khan, as we all know, was composed in a dream after Coleridge took opium.
“So twice five miles of fertile ground, with walls and towers were girdled round; And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, where blossomed many an